The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) requires UBC researchers to continuously apply the Three Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement, throughout every stage of animal-based research. Together, the 3Rs form the foundation of ethical, high-quality science. This includes designing well-powered studies that produce valid results the first time to eliminate unnecessary repeat testing, while recognizing that non-animal alternatives cannot yet fully replicate complex biological systems.
Explore the UBC ACUP resources below for practical tools, programs, and guidance organized around each principle.